Culture Wars And Cultural Democracy Essay

Given that culture wars is a conflict of different cultures for example the traditional and the progressive, it is therefore safe to say that it has been present for a long time and will continue to be present for a long time to come. This is because there will always be conflicting cultures based on the various aspects of society like age, background and so on. It is important that people learn to deal with the culture wars for them to be able to live together despite their differences. Culture wars are a social problem and cultural democracy is required to deal with them. The major issues causing the culture wars currently will be discussed expansively and the various ways that they can be dealt with. Cultural democracy will also be discussed and how it will assist tin the future in the culture wars. As time progresses, the way in which the society deals with the cultural differences changes and the concern they have in the society changes with each generation. In the past, religion was a major issue alongside class and race. Although these are still issues of concern, there has been a shift towards other areas (Nolan 1996). Currently there are cultural wars based on politics, different denominations when it comes to religion, technology and its impact on the society, politics and how it deals with the social problems, the media and what should be allowed for general viewing and also the moral values of the people to name but a few. Cultural democracy allows people to practice what they believe in whichever society they are in and hence may tend to be seen as the only solution to the wars that are present in all societies of the world. Religion, technology, gender, media and the morality concept are very interesting and will be discussed in this paper and their role in the present day culture wars. Initially, the religion factor was based on whether one was a protestant or a Roman catholic but it has changed to which denomination one belongs to. However despite the denomination one may belong to, the value of religion has diminished over time especially among the developed countries whereby few people belong to any religion. This has led to bans in certain areas on the use of religion in schools and other public institutions (Zimmerman 2002). Religion is also being used to determine who is a terrorist and who is not especially in America since the bombings that occurred. Since the terrorists were Muslims, anyone belonging to the Islamic faith became a suspect since then. It also determines whether one will get into political office as was demonstrated in the campaign for American presidency with President Barrack Obama having his opponents propagate that he was a Muslim so that he may lose some followers. To avoid losing the seat he had to clearly show that he attends a Christian church and is not a Muslim. When it comes to technology, there is a conflict of how much technology is safe to use and how much is not. The major bone of contention is the issue of privacy since people no longer have privacy because all their data is stored somewhere in government files from medical records to the daily activities. While some people are against so much intrusion in their lives, others argue that it assists in keeping the society safe in view of the increased rate of crime. Although crime would reduce if it were possible to keep constant reliable surveillance, not many people would prefer the safety if it costs them their privacy especially in the homes. The media is another aspect of culture that has been a source of much conflict. When it comes to providing information, the media is the major informant of the society. However, some of the media sources will provide false information or speculated information in order for their form of media to make sales. This is therefore misleading the general population on what is happening in order to make profit. They betray the trust of the people and make the lives of others very difficult if the information provided is about an individual especially the prominent figures. The media especially the television is blamed for the many vices currently in the society. A lot of violence is depicted in the television and the children tend to think it is real and may actually go ahead and imitate what they see with the result being tragic outcomes. Constantly viewing the horrific scenes with blood, fatal wounds and constant death tend to diminish the horror of it thus desensitizing people on such issues. It becomes almost normal for someone to shoot another and wound them without being affected in any way. The media is also used in spreading culture and it usually shows western culture as superior to other cultures (Trend 1997). The younger generation is easily influenced to copy what they see as modern and this more often than not brings about a conflict between them and the older generation. One generation tries to conserve the culture as it has always been while another is trying to imitate what they tend to see as progressive. This disregard of culture brings about much conflict between the two generations. Gender is another important aspect of culture wars. The role of a woman in society in particular has led to a lot of conflict with the changing times and the women liberation. Women were initially supposed to be subject to men and their wishes and do everything to make the men happy. They would stay at home to nurture the family while the men provided everything that was needed and therefore the women were at their mercy. Nowadays, women do not stay in the house waiting for the men to provide and instead go out and get employment from which they earn and provide for the family. This change in roles brings about conflict when a man still expects the woman to play the role of a nurturer and cater to all his needs while the woman has been out working just as hard as the man. The woman in such a situation is therefore expected to play the role of a provider and that of a domesticated worker and nurturer. In other situations it is completely forbidden or the woman to try and take over the role of a man and should stay at home and show a good image of a man who is able to provide for his family. This is not acceptable to a woman who has gone through rigorous education and training to get to where she is and this causes conflict in the society. The final aspect of culture wars to be discussed here is the issue of morality and how it’s meaning changes with time. The most interesting issue her is the same sex marriages and relationships. In most traditional cultures and religions, homosexuality is forbidden and to practice it is going against all laws of nature and society. In present times however, some churches are even conducting wedding ceremonies and appointing church leaders who are homosexuals and this has caused a great division especially in the churches. The homosexuals are busy trying to get accepted in a society that is busy condemning them and their way of life. This causes conflict between the two groups of people that at times leads to physical harm individuals from either side. Cultural democracy therefore is seen as the only way to solve these problems. Taking its meaning to be the acceptance of the differences in culture, (Trend 1997), then it becomes obvious that for all people to be able to live with each other comfortably in the future, cultural democracy has to be embraced. It allows all people to practice what they believe in without fear that they will be punished or criticized for doing so. People are also more accepting to others when others are accepting to them without trying to change their way of life. Since it is impossible to get all the people to think alike especially in America where there are many different cultures represented in the society, there has to be a way that all people are able to live together and accept each other. Cultural diversity is to be celebrated and not ridiculed while attempting to change those from other different cultures. The only way this can occur is by embracing cultural democracy which allows all people to live in harmony while giving each other space to practice the culture that they have embraced. With increased technology that makes it possible for culture to travel far and wide, acceptance is the only way for the future (Nolan 1996). Although the position is that cultural democracy is the only way for the future, there are misgivings about it. As explained by Langa (2004), it started a long time ago and is oftentimes used to mask what is really going on. In the case of gender, very few women are given positions of leadership when compared to the men. People will change according to the situation as was seen during the world wars with women taking up the work of men but when the men came from the war everything was expected to go back to what it was before. Egocentrism is assumed to be ingrained in an individual and thus it is hard to assume that people will just ignore what they have been taught. However since these differences cannot be ignored, the only way that the society will be able to resolve these culture wars is by accepting each others presence without trying to change their way of life. The acceptance allows people to recognize the good in other cultures and appreciate the differences without necessarily trying to imitate or change it. Therefore, the only way for the future is to embrace cultural democracy and by so doing reduce the culture wars because there is no competition of cultures. References 1. Langa H. , 2004, Radical Art: Printmaking and the Left in 1930’s New York, University of California Press, California 2. Nolan J Jr. (ed), 1996, The American Culture Wars: Current Contests and Future Prospects, University of Virginia Press, Virginia 3. Trend D. 1997, Cultural Democracy: Politics, Media, New Technology, State University of New York Press, Albany 4. Zimmerman J. 2002, Whose America: Culture Was in Public Schools, Harvard University Press, Cambridge

Compare the theme of outsiders in Frankenstein Essay

      D, so he wanted to join the terrorist group to seek revenge. In this respect Daz is similar to the monster, they are both willing to commit heinous crimes for vengeance. ‘ Del that’s my brovver thay catch im raiding wiv Dred. Top him don’t thay. ‘ This quote shows how Daz’s brother was killing in a raid with Dred. After the night in the Blue Moon where he saved Zoe and her friends, Daz finds himself an outcast from two societies. He was still physically a ‘chippy’, which means he is not allowed in Silverdale; however, he helped out the enemy ‘subbies’ which make him not an accepted chippy. After Daz and Zoe they contact each other through letters and finally when they meet, the reader recognise that Daz does not want to be a ‘chippy. ‘ Throughout this novel we are constantly reminded of this forbidden love. ‘ I seen this Subby girl, our mam. Forget her, Daz. Not easy, our mam. Not easy. ‘ Daz is given a negative response from his mum, when he explains that he has met Zoe. However, once Daz meets Zoe he realises he does not want to be an outsider any longer, Daz’s priorities and views of ‘subbies’ change. Like Victor, Daz is very determined; he takes a lot of risks for Zoe and to make his life better. It appears to the reader that Zoe has the perfect life, money, nice houses, cars and good facilities. However it becomes evermore clear that Zoe feels trapped and unhappy. Zoe is an outsider because after she meets Daz, Silverdale citizens see her as a ‘chippy lover. ‘ ‘That’s why we have fences and lights and guards†¦ some kids get fed up being cooped up†¦ a suburbs a pretty nice place†¦ but any place with a fence around’ll get to you, eventually. ‘ This quote shows the reader how a Subby teenager can become fed up with the enclosed lifestyle. Zoe feels this because she is brainwashed into believing her existence is happy and enjoyable. Similar to Daz, when the two forbidden lovers meet her priorities changes. Zoe the loyal and hard working daughter rebels against her parent’s old fashioned and single minded views. Unlike Daz, Zoe is an outsider by choice. Her easiest option could have been to lead a normal life as a young, well-educated Silverdale resident. Nevertheless, Zoe decides to leave the suburb and live in the city, choosing to become an outsider from two societies. Zoe chooses to be an outsider and is similar to Victor; she sees that defending things that are important to her holds great risks. ‘†¦ For the first time I contemplated the enormity of the step I had just taken†¦ ‘ This quote shows how Zoe realises that she has left her Subby life to live in the city; this is the first physical sign of her becoming an outsider. In Daz 4 Zoe Zoe’s Grandmother is not an obvious outsider. To begin with Grandma is not a visible outsider, although later we go on to find she is the founder of the illegitimate organisation. She is very similar to Robert Walton as they are both outsiders in their thoughts and views, however they are not outcasts. Grandma was part of an underground outfit called F. A. I. R, which stands for Fraternal Alliance for Integration through Reunification. Resembling Victor, Robert Walton and Zoe, she is an outsider through choice and these views influence Zoe. Daz 4 Zoe and Frankenstein both discuss outsiders in society, and how people can be born outcasts and how others chose to be secluded from society because of their ambitions, beliefs or interests. We read how Daz and the Monster we forced into seclusion, isolated from society. Also how Zoe, Victor, Grandma and Robert Walton choose to live their lives dangerously and even unhappily because of their thoughts. The nineteenth century literature and the contemporary novel are relevant to today’s society. In the present culture we have different castes, religions, races even different accents, Daz 4 Zoe shows an extreme version of abused power and prejudice. Due to advances in medical science in the present day limbs can be sewn on, body parts reshaped new skin tissue be formed. Frankenstein again shows excessive power, since the novel was written we have had cloning and artificial body parts The two novels both are severe results of social issues we have today. I feel the moral of the two novels combined is that with no action, modern society could find themselves in these difficult situations. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

Ifrs Impairment of Assets

Intangibles and Impairment of Assets Learn | Consult | Research Intangibles †¢ Identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance †¢ IAS 38 prescribes special criteria for an asset to be recognized as intangible asset †¢ Tangible or intangible must meet the criteria of asset to be recognized – Controlled by entity as a result of past event – Probable future economic inflow (revenue or cost saving) Recognition †¢ Must meet the definition of asset †¢ Must meet criteria set by IAS 38 – Cost of asset reliably measured – Probable economic inflow Recognized at cost!! Recognition – Internally generated The standard states that expenditure on internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists and items similar in substance are not recognized as intangible assets (because they cannot be distinguished from the cost of developing the business as a whole). †¢ Similarly, start-up, training, advertising , promotional, relocation and reorganisation costs are all recognised as expenses. Purchased Intangibles †¢ If value of an intangible can not be valued reliably, while purchasing a company, include the value as a part of goodwill A special note on goodwill †¢ Inherent goodwill Vs Purchased goodwill How is it different? – Balancing figure – Cant be sold as a separate asset Research and Development †¢ Research – Initial investigation done to acquire new scientific knowledge or understanding †¢ Development – Application of research findings to design a new product or improve an existing system of product before production R&D treatment †¢ Write-off Research expenses †¢ Development expenses – Capitalize if following conditions met – Technical feasibility – Intention and ability to make, use or sell – Economic feasibility – market for the product/usefulness – Expenditures attributable to d evelopment reliably measured Initial recognition Eg. development expenditure The PIRATE criteria – Recognition Subsequent recognition †¢ Cost model or Revaluation model Revaluation Model †¢ If the revaluation model is followed, the revaluation must be fair value at date of revaluation by reference to an active market. – An active market is a market where all of the following conditions exist: †¢ The items traded are homogenous, †¢ Willing buyers and sellers can normally be found at any time †¢ Prices are available to the public. Amortization and impairment †¢ If useful life is fixed amortize Straight line with zero residual value – Start amortization once asset is ready to use †¢ If useful life is not fixed, test for impairment – Atleast annually (IAS 36) Impairment of Assets †¢ The focus of IAS 36 †¢ Impairment occurs when the carrying value (NBV) exceeds the recoverable amount The Recoverable Amount †¢ The cost or spending on an asse t can be recovered in two ways 1. By selling it 2. By using it †¢ So the recoverable amount is either the value we get from selling an asset (the fair value) or the value we get by using the asset (value in use) Recoverable Amount The FV less cost to sell †¢ FV is determined by; A binding agreement to sell – Current market prices (if active market exists) †¢ Less any selling expenses Value in use †¢ Estimate the future cash flows (inflows and outflows) resulting from the use of the asset and ultimately its disposal †¢ Apply suitable discount rate to come with a PV of future cash flows. †¢ Financing cost and taxes not included Impairment Review †¢ Calculate the carrying value †¢ Calculate the recoverable amount as higher of: – Fair Value less cost to sell – Value in use (PV of future cash flows) †¢ If CV>RV, then report impairment otherwise leave it as it is Reporting an impairment Impairment losses must be recognized i. e. the asset written down to its recoverable amount †¢ Impairment losses are generally charged to I/S †¢ If asset has been revalued, charge to revaluation reserve until exhausted, than to I/S. Page 246 Page 246 Indicators of impairment †¢ External sources – Significant decline in market value of the asset – Significant changes with an adverse effect on the entity in the technological, market, economic or legal environment in which the entity operates – Increased market interest rates or other market rates of return affecting discount rates and thus reducing value in use Indicators of impairment †¢ Internal sources – Evidence of obsolescence or physical damage. – Significant changes with an adverse effect on the entity including: †¢ the asset becoming idle †¢ plans to discontinue or restructure an operation to which the asset belongs †¢ Plans to dispose of it earlier than expected †¢ reassessing the useful life of an asset as finite rather than indefinite – Internal evidence available that asset performance will be worse than expected.

In depth analysis about article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

In depth analysis about article - Essay Example Despite known contribution of free trade towards economic growth, competitiveness, peace and reduced product rates, the writer has surfaced some serious social and environmental concerns attached to the issue. Arguments thus presented are thought provoking and the ills of free-trade and global integration are discussed at length which were not considered initially at appropriate levels. Social implication of globalization through free-trade are numerous and devastating. Relying too much on the global supplies usually discourages the local grower and manufacturers and thereby results in reduced self reliance which by no means is a good social indicator. Competition in some cases may also force a firm to accept the child labor to reduce costs. A country with strict legislation on social security and child labor find it hard to compete with other lenient countries on these issues. Developed countries have many strict labor protection laws which results in increased internalized costs an d further demolish the chances of a true competition. Therefore, to maintain the competition it is important to lessen the differences of internalize cost among the nations through strict enforcement of social security and child labor laws. The other solution is the imposition of compensatory tariffs on goods from low standard countries.

Financial Econometrics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Econometrics Coursework - Essay Example In 2003, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) mentioned that the R-square of the regression analysis was insufficient to determine the effectiveness of hedging. In a speech by a professional accounting fellow from the office of the chief accountant of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, stated that determination of hedge effectiveness should consider the slope of the coefficient of the regression analysis. This coefficient reflects the minimum variance hedge ratio.1 The interpretation of the regression slope coefficient is the average change in the dependent variable: real total expenditure on food for a unit increase in the independent variable: Real total expenditure on goods and services. The slope coefficient it 0.32, thus for every 1 unit change in real total expenditure on goods and services, there is a 0.32 unit change in real expenditure on food. Omission of an important independent variable such as real price of food relative to other goods will result in the decreased ability of the model to predict the real total expenditures on food given the real total expenditures on food. The independent variables used to predict 99.9% of the dependent variable: real consumption expenditure as indicated by the value of the adjusted-R Squared. The Durbin-Watson value of 1.85 indicates there is no signs of first-order serial correlation in the residuals of a time series regression. The values of Akaike info criterion (AIC) -268.2093 and Schwarz criterion -273.6530 are extremely low indicating the need for modification in the regression model by changing the independent variables. The t-statistic value could be compared with the critical t-value which is not available. The reported Probability is the p-value, or marginal significance level. Since this probability value of the regression analysis (F-statistic) is less than the size of the test, say 0.05, the null hypothesis could be rejected. This indicates that the

Time Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Time Management - Research Paper Example Notably, time is constant and scarce and hence this topic seeks to define the need and methods that help college students to develop effective strategies to manage their time for purposes of balancing the conflicting demands of study time, working hours, leisure time, and other endeavors that limit study time. In college education, time management is significant in revising for examinations, attending lectures, and participating in sporting activities. I chose this topic because traditional students always lack enough time to do everything they need in college. As such, this topic will inform the students on the need and methods of planning and controlling the amount of time spent on certain activities with an aim of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their academic pursuit. This topic is significant in that it informs the students on the benefits of proper time management as well as the academic problems. Proper time management in college may involve future planning, monitoring the allocation of available time, goal setting, and prioritizing tasks. Numerous tools, skills, and techniques will help the students to accomplish their goals and tasks within the set deadlines. Such methods may include goal setting, prioritizing tasks, monitoring the academic pursuit, creating a list, organizing a work schedule, and limiting procrastination. Through effective time management, college students will enjoy certain benefits that may include good performance, establishing conducive learning environment.

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it Essay

The Causes of Eating Disorders for High School Students and How Can it be Mitigated - Essay Example The most affected are children and teenagers which constitute about 90%. It has also been found that women have a high prevalence rate than men with about 1 in 5 women showing symptoms of eating disorders. Though, the number of male victims has been doubling. With about 5.6% of teenagers dying of eating disorders related illness, this condition qualifies to be an educational problem (Laird & Janet, 2010). Therefore, the choice the topic is relevant for research purposes. Moreover, the worst hit by the condition are school going children. To this end, this research essay seeks to answer three research questions. They are: What are the common types of eating disorders for high school children? What are the causes? How can it be mitigated? In developing the research question, the following procedure was followed. After deciding on the research a topic, an extensive literature review was done after which clear and concise questions were posed. However, the questions are broad and a short research essay may cover the issues comprehensively. The research also relies on the analysis of existing data and information and this may result into unreliable and invalid findings and conclusions. . Since the research concentrates on seeking answers to eating disorders in high school children, it can be classified under explanatory research. This type of research attempts to ask questions why a given phenomena exits or why an occurrence has happened (Gary & Nancy). Many medical authors define eating disorders as a group of psychological condition that alters a person eating habits and behavior. These habits are unhealthy, maladaptive and abnormal in nature. Therefore, the disorder affects both the physical and emotional states of the victims. Although there are many eating disorders, three types are common in high school children namely: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The anorexia nervosa is characterized by maintenance of low body weight brought a bout by too much concern about body weight and shape. The affected students have great fear of becoming fat. This condition is dominant in girls because they are more preoccupied with image than boys. To achieve low weight, the students take food with low calorific value. The symptoms of this condition include: weak body brought by poor nutrition, bone loss and absence of menstruation in girls. It also results into late puberty and stunted growth (Susan, 2008). The second type, bulimia nervosa is characterized by excessive intake of food after short interval followed by compensatory habits such as excessive exercise and induced vomiting. This disorder leads to digestive system problems, dehydration and fatigue. The last type, the binge eating disorder, is simply recurrent large intake of food without practicing compensatory habit. The victims have no control of their condition and in most cases feel ashamed of it. This disorder can cause obesity. Other diseases associated with it ar e diabetes, high blood pressure and stoke. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of eating disorder in an individual. Nevertheless, several factors have been found to cause eating disorders. These range from biological to cultural. However, the later is the main cause of this condition. The problem has got more to do with fashion trend than genetics. Currently, most people in the world associate thinness of body with beauty. The media has propagated this notion by misinforming the public that the starting point to modeling is body size. When a celebrated artist or star supports such a position as in the recent

Social problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social problem - Essay Example Clearly, there are a number of factors involved in making social change. Time does play a part but changes normally do not come of their own accord. There are several forces such as political influences, technological innovations, economic changes, legal demands and other catalysts which drive how a social problem can become a social issue that demands action from the people at large (Hill, 2003). An analysis of these forces therefore is very important for all students of sociology and human behaviour since an understanding of these forces can lead to an understanding of how the norms of society change. In many ways, these forces are also connected with each other and certain drivers of social change overlap amongst the factors mentioned above. For example, the media is one source of social awareness which overlaps with technology and with the economy since individuals which are socially better off may have access to various types of media such as the internet and foreign news sources while those in a lower stratum of society may not be aware of such avenues of getting of information (Baldock, 2004). Therefore, it is better if an analysis is made individually for these factors to show they can convert issues into social problem. Perhaps the easiest way today to make an issue a social problem is to bring it into politics and it can easily be used to distract the public from other issues which might be more pertinent or important. For example, the war on terrorism is a prime situation where the attention of the media, the newspapers, public opinion as well as private discussion were all diverted towards the topic and other problems like the genocide in Sudan, the rising poverty levels of the world and the problem of the environmental degradation of the planet due to human activity were all pushed under the carpet. This situation, If not permanently true, was at least very true for the time being. For example, the case of

International business in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International business in context - Essay Example One of the recent such examples is that of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano which erupted in Iceland on 14th April 2010, leading to a huge loss of lives and property and a heavy strain on the economic forces of the nation. Due to the volcanic ash cloud, the air travel came to a complete halt leading to several passengers being stranded on airports, affecting several businesses in the process. The manner in which the industries affected by it reacted such as the hospitality industry, the airline sector, as well as various other tertiary sectors such as internet cafes etc reacted to such an emergency is discussed in the paper. The accounts of the tragedy as narrated by Dr. Nigel, of the Oxford Brookes University, is used as a part of this study, to discuss, analyze and understand the impact and consequences of natural disasters on the external factors of organizations; their competitive strategies; the types of organizations affected and the manner in which they reacted; and the element of ethics with regard to the whole scenario, is discussed in the following sections. Impact on the external environment: When the volcano erupted, several industries were severely affected of which the airline industry and the hospitality industry were the hardest hit. ... Consequently, most of the economic activity moved from one sector to another - such as the road and rail transport industries recorded higher bookings while air travel suffered. Furthermore, several other sectors such as travel and tourism, lodgings and boarding etc suffered huge losses, as travellers were unable to reach their destinations. The hotel and hospitality industry, also, benefitted largely, on account of such a calamity, and raised their prices owing to the huge demand for accommodations. There was a significant level of competition amongst various sectors, such as within the hospitality industry. Various hotels had increased their prices while several others offered accommodations at more or less the same prices. Similarly a fierce competition was observed within the airlines and road travel sector. Each of these sectors within different industries were trying to benefit from the losses or setbacks suffered by the other for a greater share in profit. Several passengers w ere unable to leave the island, while several others were unable to arrive. Thus, the hospitality industry was likely to suffer huge losses, as a result of mass cancellations. The industry thus tried to set off its losses by increasing its tariffs and capitalize on the current situation, rather than facing huge losses. Competitive environment: Marketers usually face two types of competition, namely: direct and indirect. The direct competition is faced with respect to similar goods and services such as competition amongst two hotels or two airline companies. The second type of competition, i.e. indirect competition occurs when a good or service can be easily substituted or replaced by the consumer, but has more or less the similar values with respect

The Cola Wars Essay Example for Free

The Cola Wars Essay There are a few reasons why the soft drink industry has been historically profitable for so long. One such reason is that soft drinks have been seen as a great and delicious alternative to drinking just water. Though water is essential to life and its even a main ingredient in soft drinks, its naturally very bland in taste and unexciting to the consumer. Soft drinks however are funs, flavorful, and delicious to drink so they give the consumer something else to desire and are bought to break up the monotony of drinking just plain water. A second reason that the soft drink industry has been historically profitable would be because of the fact that soft drinks have been a cheap buy for the consumer in comparison to anything else on the market. Soft drinks have been sold for as little as a nickel per a drink for varying sizes and quantities of the beverage, while other non soft drink beverages have gone for rate that are much higher than this. Even in todays market a consumer can go out to a store and buy any kind of soft drink product off the shelf and it would cost the a great deal less than it would for a bottle of juice or even a case of the healthy option, water. With a low purchase cost they have been able to entice consumer to continue to buy their products. A third reason that soft drink industry has been has a strong history of being profitable would be that they have always had strong marketing campaigns that appeal to their consumer base and audience. With campaigns such as the Pepsi Generation which lasted for more than a decade to help them set target those who were young, or at least young at heart, and even had the catch phrase â€Å"For those who think young† at one point helped them capture and steal away from Cokes large market share, and even brought them to within a 2-1 sales gap, while Coca-Cola used it’s a Coca-Cola lifestyle to market its soft drinks, even going as far as being a sponsor of the U. S. armed services and offering soldiers a flat rate for their products during WWI. Marketing campaigns such as these help boost sales of soft drinks over several decades and gained them loyal customers who have stuck by and continued to purchase the product that they like to drink. This way of marketing has help create a type of lifestyle for the consumer, which can have a strong benefit for them in the next generation, because if the parent of children have a certain kind of drink that they get their children on, then they are helping create the next generation of consumers for a product.

The Connection Between Homelessness And Social Issues Social Work Essay

The Connection Between Homelessness And Social Issues Social Work Essay Essay Question What is the connection between homelessness, unemployment, drug use and mental illnesses in Australian society today? Unfortunately, in Australian society today, it is assumed that all Australians have access to a safe and secure environment, and are able to seek and gain employment; however this is not always the case for many Australians, with these social detriments being exacerbated by mental health issues and alcohol and drug abuse. However, in saying this not everyone that experiences one or more of these detriments necessarily experiences another. Alternatively, evidence has shown that there is an obvious link between each of these social and health detriments of health, with each intricately leading to another. This essay will discuss the intricate links between homelessness, unemployment, drug use and mental illness in todays society. On any given night in Australia it is estimated that over 100,000 people are homeless and living without essential human rights. (MHCA, 2009. p.5) While the reasons for peoples homelessness are varying, the abuse of alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances can exacerbate the situation and lead to further problems. The use of harmful substances by many homeless people is often seen as functional, this meaning that the use of these substances is helping them cope with their situation, and provide them with a sense of belonging in the Australian street culture. While many of the homeless people may start using soft drugs , this often opens the gateway to harder substances to which they can come completely reliant upon. The prevalence of heroin use in the homeless community is ten times higher than the general Australian community. (Australian National Council on Drugs, 2008) (Johnson Chamberlin, 2008, p.347) Australias homeless population, exhibit higher rates of emotional and physical health issues, anxiety, poor nutrition and difficulties in maintaining relationships (Lady Bowen Trust). 1 in 200 Australians in todays society dont have access to adequate housing and employment. It is estimated that 75 percent of this homeless population is suffering from some kind of mental illness, (MHCA, 2009, p.5) and that at least forty three percent engaged in substance abuse. (Johnson Chamberlin, 2008, p.347) A safe and secure environment is essential to physical and mental health. Mental health symptoms can often be worsened by unstable housing and social isolation. Homelessness significantly affects a persons ability to successfully maintain employment and relationships. When referring to mental illness, generally speaking it is an illness that has some kind of influence and effect on how a person, thinks, feels and acts. (MHCA, 2009, p.10) These can include mental health issues such as depression, anxiety personality disorders, schizophrenia and stress disorders. It is estimated that 1 in 5 people will experience a mental illness of varying degrees at some point in their lives. (MHCA, 2009, p.10) Although the exact cause of many mental illnesses are unknown, along with biological factors it is believed that environmental factors, stressful and abusing situations, substance or drug abuse and negative thought patterns all contribute to a persons mental health. Domestic violence, mental health, unemployment and substance abuse are among the leading causes of homelessness in Australia, along with critical shortages of affordable housing. However it is important to note that there are many contributing factors to a person becoming homeless such as family breakdown, sexual assault, gambling, mental illness, financial difficulties and social isolisation and broader social processes. (Homelessness Australia, 2010) Having a mental illness reduces a persons quality of life; the symptoms can make it difficult for individuals to cope with the daily demands of work and home life. In some cases this can lead to people becoming socially isolated, and even losing their jobs. This loss of employment often means people are no longer able to afford housing and a lack of social support can mean these people may become homeless. The unemployed are also less likely to receive medical treatment for symptoms of mental illness. If they do seek treatment of these illnesses they then face the problems of being able to pay for expensive prescriptions. (www.informahealthcare.com) The current economic climate has also placed increased stress on individuals and there has been a spike in Medicare claims for mental health consultations due to unemployment (Dragon, 2009). Studies have shown that homeless people have a higher prevalence of mental illness and substance abuse, with a Melbourne study showing 30 percent of homeless people surveyed had mental health issues and 43 percent suffered substance abuse issues. (MHCA, 2009, p.14) Substance abuse is also linked to homelessness, unemployment and mental illness, as substance abuse can take hold and damage a persons quality of life. Substance abuse begins to interfere with a individuals work and social life and this commonly leads to the destruction of relationships and loss of employment. Rather than this slide from positive relationships and employment being instant, many people tend to slide into homelessness as a result of their substance abuse. As they begin to come more dependent on these substances the transition becomes more rapid. ((Johnson Chamberlin, 2008, p.348) Having a mental illness can increase a persons likelihood of abusing drugs, which may in the short term make the symptoms of their mental illness feel better, while other peoples drug use can trigger the symptoms of mental illness. (MHCA, 2009, p.22) The link can also be made in terms of unemployment and homelessness, if a person is unemployed they can experience financial difficulties that can result in being homeless, alternatively if a person is homeless it becomes difficult to gain employment and break the cycle. The relationship between homelessness and substance abuse is well researched and documented; there is debate however on the direction of this relationship, and whether substance abuse is the cause or consequence of an individual becoming homeless. The focus of substance abuse as a consequence of homelessness is the social adaption model. Entering into homelessness often exposes individuals to a subculture where substance abuse is accepted and common place. This model also identifies that many people start to abuse substances as a method of coping with their situation, which can often be very stressful, uncertain and traumatic. (Johnson Chamberlin, 2008, p.343) Johnson and Chamberlain (2008, p.350) report that thirty four percent of individuals have engaged in substance abuse before becoming homeless, while sixty six percent first start abusing substances after becoming homeless.es as they struggle to pay for their addiction. Loss of employment then leads individuals looking for alternative income which can often lead to bad loans and illegal behaviours. (Johnson Chamberlin, 2008, p.p347-350) The social selection approach focuses on substance abuse as a cause of homelessness rather than a consequence. Substance abuse can be a leading factor into homelessness, as when a person becomes addicted to harmful substances they tend to start self damaging behaviours which affect social and work relationships. As their substance abuse increases, this often leads to financial difficulties and destruction of social networks. Psychological trauma and post traumatic stress disorder have been found to be contributing factors for many of the homeless population. There is no specific way in which each of these social detriments of health contributes to each other. For example, mental health issues may contribute or lead to people becoming homeless, while for others their mental health issues may be a result of being homeless or compounded by it. (MHCA, 2009, p.22) The homeless population can face discrimination when trying to find and apply for housing, especially when they have experienced a mental illness. (DHA, 2005) Many landlords are something about having people with a mental illness in their accommodation, due to the negative stigma that is attached with mental illness. Having a mental illness or past substance abuse problem can also follow a person and impact upon their lives even after they have overcome these issues. As in todays society many jobs and housing applications require police, credit and background checks. (MHCA, 2009, p.18) Webster (2007) reports that drug abusers with mental illnesses are likely to experience high rates of employment difficulties. Stating that individuals with mental illnesses have fewer work-related skills, poor interpersonal skills, impulse control and poor time management, therefore having less success in the workforce than individuals without mental illness and substance abuse issues. (Webster et al., 2007) Webster (2007) also reports that employment is a key factor in breaking the cycle of drug abuse, as employment occupies time, increases self esteem, promotes a sense of belonging and responsibility and provides structure. (Webster et al., 2007) In Australian society a quarter of the homeless population are children aged between 12 and 18, as these children age and mature they are at a higher risk of unemployment and being stuck in a vicious cycle of homelessness, unemployment, substance abuse and mental illness. (Graham, 2010, p.24) Children are more likely to face unemployment if they are from low socioeconomic status, left school early leading to low literacy and numeracy skills, are indigenous, live with one or more unemployed person, or live in remote areas. (Graham, 2010, p.20) A longitudinal study of Australian youth with mental health issues found that they did not suffer from mental health issues prior to unemployment. This shows the importance of employment and the effect that unemployment can have. (Graham, 2010, p.23) In 1991, Fischer Breakey developed three pathways into homelessness. The first being social selection which involves a breakdown in the capacity for living independently due to mental illness. The second pathway details socioeconomic adversity in which a person experiences unemployment, low levels of education and declining income. The third pathway described involves the inability to develop socially normative roles and support systems. (Kim Ford, 2010, p.40) The sociological imagination uses a sociological approach to analysing issues such as homelessness, substance abuse, unemployment and mental illness. This approach analyses associations of public issues and personal problems by looking at the Historical, structural, critical and cultural factors which contribute to a person experiencing issues such as homelessness. A better understanding of the causes can be found and thus leading to a better understanding of how to return to normal societal function and reducing the risk of relapse into past behaviours. . (Germov, 2009, p.7). The amount of structure and agency an individual holds in situations of homelessness, drug abuse, unemployment and mental illness is also important to note. The structure agency debate explores the amount of control a individual has over their behaviour and how much influence the social structure to which they belong plays. (Germov, 2009, p.7). Children that have grown up in an environment which is socioeconomically disadvantaged, high levels of drug abuse and unemployment, and poor work ethic, are more likely to follow in this pattern than children that have been brought up in higher socioeconomic conditions and have been instilled with a strong work ethic. Sue is 17 years of age and has been living away from home for two years, having left her family home due to conflict and violence with parents and physical assault between siblings. In the past two years Sue has lived a typically transient lifestyle, residing in crisis accommodation, various boarding arrangements and in an accommodation program to assist young people who are homeless and in need of specialist support. Sue has lived independently in a small unit as well as with a number of friends in their accommodation and in squats. Over the past two years Sue has engaged in self-harming behaviour and been violent and aggressive towards peers, herself and family, which has on occasion resulted in cautions from the legal system. Sue has also engaged in petty theft, auto-theft and break and enters, all resulting in legal cautions. Sue uses alcohol, marijuana and amphetamines and has been diagnosed with depression resulting in anti-depressants being prescribed (Mission Australia, 2005). In December 2008, the Australian Government released a White Paper on Homelessness: The Road Home: A National Approach to Reducing Homelessness. This paper recognises that maintaining the current approach to homelessness will see the homeless population of Australia significantly increase in the coming years. The paper takes a holistic view and aims to find solutions in address the varying needs of the homeless population, for example employment needs, education and training, health and social support. This report has three main initiative areas. They are to ensure that services intervene early to stop people becoming homeless, making services more connected and responsive across a range of areas not limited to housing, such as health and economic and social participation and strategies to assist people who become homeless to move quickly through the crisis system to stable housing, and providing the support they need so that they do not re-enter homelessness. Through the implementat ion on many straggles under these initiatives and 1.2 billion dollars in funding the Australian Government aims to have a fifty percent reduction in homelessness by 2020. (MHCA, 2009, pp.12-13) Todays society has negative stigma and labelling associated with homelessness. Due to this attributes, the skills they poses, their personality, past achievements are often disregarded and overrun by the fact they are homeless. (Mission Australia, 2005) As homelessness is not a social norm, it can be seen is deviant behaviour. With the rise of the medical model of health, importance is placed on the individual receiving treatment in order to restore health and conformity. (Roach Anleu, 2010, pp.242-260) Under the therapeutic model deviant individuals which can include the homeless, mentally ill, drug and alcohol abusers and those experiencing adjustment problems require psychiatric intervention, with little emphasis in the social and environmental conditions that contribute to these issues. (Roach Anleu, 2010, pp.242-260) Homelessness, unemployment, drug use and mental illness are all intricately connected in todays society. These social determinants of health all coexist and can each weigh largely upon another. These linkages can lead to a viscous cycle which can be hard to break. Conclusion What was discussed Reaffirm argument http://www.health.qld.gov.au/research_information/social_determinants.asp

Determination of the End Point of the Acid Base Titration

Determination of the End Point of the Acid Base Titration Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Acids and Bases Properties of acid Strengths of Acids and Bases How to detect acid and Bases? pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium Equipment Procedure Results and conclusion Bibliography Introduction Acids and Bases Every liquid we see will probably have either basic or acidic properties. Water can be a base and acid, it depends on the reaction you add with water. It can be a base in some reaction and an acid in some reactions. Also water can react with itself to form bases and acids but it happens in small quantities so it will not change your experiments. 2H2O > H3O++ OH- The hydrogen ion was transferred to form Hydronium ion. The negative and positive ions in water are equal and cancel each other. Most of water we drink from the tap has others ions in it. Those ions in solution make something basic or acidic. For example, in our Bodies, there are small compounds called amino acids and in fruits there something called citric acid. According to Santà © Arrhenius, in 1887, he came up with new definitions of acids and bases. He said when we mix water to molecules , they break down and gives a hydrogen ion and at another times it gives hydroxide. In general, a hydrogen positive ion is released, the acidic solution increases. When a hydroxide ion is released, the solution become base For example HA +H2O H3O + + A Hydronium ion is formed and it is acid. That hydrogen ion is the reason it is called an acid. Chemists use the word dissociated to describe the breakup of a compound Properties of acid Acids taste sour Acids react strongly with metals (Zn + HCl) Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin Bases Bases are ionic compounds that break apart to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-) in water. The strength of a base is determined by the concentration of Hydroxide ions (OH-). The greater of the concentration of OH ions the stronger the base. Example: NaOH in water NaOH Na+ + OH Strengths of Acids and Bases Strong Acids and Weak Acids: Strength of acid is related to ionization of acids in water. Some of the acids can ionize 100 % in water solutions; we call them strong acids. HCL are examples of strong acids.in other hand, some of the acids cannot ionize like strong acids. We call acids partially ionize in solutions weak acid. CH3COOH, HF, H2CO3 are examples of weak acid that partially ionize in solution Strong and Weak Bases: Bases ionize completely in solutions are called strong bases. NaOH and bases including OH- ion are strong bases. Bases that ionize partially in solutions are called weak bases. For example [ NH3] Ionization of Water: Water ionizes gives: H2O(l) ↔ H+(aq) + OH(aq) In pure water concentrations of H+ and OH ions are equal to each other and at 25 °, they have concentration 110-7 M. then concentration of ion in pure water is too low, it is a bad electric conductor. As in the case of pure water mediums having [H+] = [OH] concentration are called neutral mediums. In water solutions multiplication of [H+] and [OH] is constant and at 25 0C it is 110-14. This number is also called ionization constant of pure water. If concentration of [H+] ions equal [OH-]= 10 -7M, then solution is neutral. If concentration of [H+] ions > [OH-] or [H+] > 10 -7M and [OH-] -7 M, then solution is acidic. If concentration of [OH-] ions > [H+] or [H+] -7 M and [OH-] > 10-7 M, then solution is basic. How to detect acid and Bases? Scientists use something called pH scale to measure how basic or acidic the liquid is. Also there are many types of ions in a solution, pH focus on concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. The scale measures values from 0 to 14. Distilled water is 7 in the middle. The strength of an acid or base in a solution is measured on a scale called a pH scale. Any pH number greater than 7 is considered a base and any pH number less than 7 is considered an acid. 0 is the strongest acid and 14 is the strongest base. The acid strength depends on the concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. The greater and more hydrogen ions is the stronger acids likes Hydrochloric acid HCL and Sulphuric acid. pH=-log[H+] and pOH=-log[OH-] If 7>pH>0 acidic solution If 14>pH>7 basic solution If pH=7 neutral solution pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium 1. pH When acids is added to water, the pH scale decreases. The acidity of a solution is examined by the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), where pH provides a simple index for expressing the [H+] level., when pH is small which means that the smaller the number of pH , the stronger acid. pH=-log10[H] pKa and Dissociation Equilibrium Strong acid , which they are dissociate in solution, and weak acids that partially dissociate in solution. When dissociation of strong acid happens, it gives a proton In which make the solution more acidic, However, weak acids have a dissociated state (A-) and undissociated state (AH) that appears according to the following dissociation equilibrium equation. AH A + H+ . The definition of Ka is Ka= The brackets of the product to the brackets of the reactants pKa was introduced as an index to express the acidity of weak acids, where pKa is defined as follows. pKa= log10Ka Relation between Ka and Pka , it is inversely proportional so when ka is high which means storng acid which means pKa is low and vice versa Equipment Burette Beaker Magnetic stirrer Ph meter Acid and Bases Pure water Procedure Clean all equipment in order to get accurate conductivity Add some of NaOH into the receiving cup and then add slightly 1 ml of HCL and make sure you adding the receiving cup on the magnetic stirrer Repeat this steps to get the conductivity from volume 0 ml to 17 ml Get titration curve ,the differential curve and the end point For CH3COOH + NaOH We will make same steps and record the conductivity pH Results and conclusion NaOH + HCL Results of volume of HCL and the conductivity Ml pH is clear that end point occurs at 10 ml of HCL which pH drops to 6.34 Titration curve Differential curve Ch3COOH +Naoh It is clear that end point at 10 ml of Naoh the end point occur , the ph difference is very big Titration curve Differential curve Bibliography http://www.chemistrytutorials.org/content/acids-and-bases/ph-poh-and-ionization-of-water/58-acids-and-bases-cheat-sheet http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Chem_AcidsBasespHScale.shtml http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.html http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/erlinger/water/background/ph.html http://www.humboldtmfg.com/graduated_glass_beaker.html http://www.shimadzu.com/an/hplc/support/lib/lctalk/29/29intro.html https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/acids-and-bases/strength-of-acids/the-acid-dissociation-constant/ http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Acid_dissociation_constant.html

Flood of Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

  The Flood of Gilgamesh  Ã‚     Perhaps the most popular comparison with Noah's Flood is that of an ancient Babylonian story of a similar flood. A quick look at the text does show some key similarities between them however there are also some pointed differences. I will show you both and let you decide whether there is or is not a connection.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First let us look at the similarities:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *It is set in the Iraqi/Turkey area.....similar to the Biblical Flood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *A man is warned by a god to build a ship so he could survive a coming flood, sent by the divine powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The man is told to save himself, his family, and a sampling of all living things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The boat was to be sealed with resin inside and out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *A set time is made by the divinity for the flood to begin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The flood includes both rain and water from the surface.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The flood covered the mountains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The boat came to rest on a mountain first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *Birds were released to test for whether or not the waters had receeded.   In the Biblical account, a raven and a dove were released. In the Gilgamesh account, a dove, swallow, and raven were released.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *Once out of the boat, the man offers a sacrifice to the divinity which brings comfort to the divinity at the sweet scent of the sacrifice.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now for the differences:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The Babylonian tale never says why the gods chose to save the man in the story. It was pretty much dumb luck.   In the Bible, Noah was a rightous man amidst a population of evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The boat dimensions are quite different. The boat in the story of the Babylonian flood is a cube, equal on all sides. While in the Bible, Noah is told to build his Ark in a 450x75x45 ratio. This ratio is what is known to ship builders as the perfect ratio for stabilty for a boat but it was not known until the 15th century AD.   The Gilgamesh boat, being equal on all sides, would have been wildly unstable and unseaworthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The Babylonian man   took seven days to build his boat while Noah took 120 years. Why would such a numerology rich people use such a non-numerology number as 120 when seven was already in the story?

The Need for Capital Punishment in America Essay examples -- Capital Pu

It is the firm belief and position here that committing such a crime as murder is punishable by death. Americans should take a position for anyone on death row, to be executed sooner rather than later. The moral reality in an argument for capital punishment is that they know the difference between the death penalty and what happens when it is actually put into place from the court of law. In the United States there are more people sitting in prison on death row than actually being executed at time of sentence. When the death penalty is not carried out, then families of the murdered victim recognize the value of the victim’s life is insignificant and the person that has committed the crime has the greater life of being able to continue living while in prison on death row. Many people argue for the death penalty with the case that is someone commits a violent crime, they should be put to death. Should anyone argue that if you take a human life, they will be able to live in prison and serve time and live, not to die by lethal injection or any of the other forms of capital punishment immediately? The argument for anyone in prison to not be punished and put to death is a crime w ithin itself. It is the belief of many that capital punishment is cruel and unjust. Although others would state the opposite to say that if you have committed murder, you to shall be put to death. In America anyone can have a right to believe that someone should live even if they have committed murder, especially if they have asked for forgiveness and all has been forgiven. Can it be justified that if anyone commits murder and then asked for forgiveness they be allowed to live and not be punished? Justice must be served here on earth as well as after deat... ... or disobeys God’s way in committing premeditated murder or involuntary manslaughter should be put to death immediately. Works Cited Adams, Cindy. â€Å"The Death Penalty as Just Punishment.† Does Capital Punishment Deter or is it a Biased Process? 3 Sept. 2008. 30 May 2010 . Andre, Claire, and Manuel Velasquez. â€Å"Capital Punishment.† Our Duty or Our Doom. 12 May 2010. 30 May 2010 . Colson, Charles W. â€Å"Capital Punishment.† The Rutherford Institute. 11 Nov. 2002. 30 May 2010 . Steiker, Carol S. â€Å"Capital Punishment and American Exceptionalism.† 2005. 30 May 2010 .

Pick n Pay’s Essay

What is your strategy to reverse Pick n Pay’s loss of market share? Pick n Pay lost market share in part because it opened materially less space than some of its major competitors. A significant proportion of its capex was invested in supply chain technology infrastructure in recent years, which by its nature doesn’t drive sales compared to stores. Our capital focus is now on new stores and refurbishment, which will drive sales and, in time, profitability. Over the past year we have refreshed, without substantively altering our strategy. Our overarching ambition is for the Group to become the â€Å"Retailer of choice for all South Africans†. This builds on Pick n Pay and Boxer’s brand strength and strong store portfolio. Importantly this refreshed strategy does not represent a major departure from the strategy that has been followed for the past five years. We have seven themes geared to ensure that the business can grow sustainably and profitably. There is a balance of growth-driven priorities, focusing on space, customer, franchise and product, and those largely focused on improving efficiency such as replenishment and store operations. The â€Å"One Pick n Pay† initiative ties these together to ensure that the business works well as a unified whole. Strategic priority: Grow selling space ahead of the market There is substantial competition for retail space both within South Africa and in other African markets. Ensuring that Pick n Pay increases its overall share of trading space over the long term is an important strategic priority. Over the past three years our space growth has lagged that of our competition particularly into the faster growing lower income areas and small stores. This not only directly reduces our market share but also puts pressure on like-for-like sales growth. We will continue to develop store formats and channels that meet customers’ changing needs both in Pick n Pay and Boxer, in South Africa and beyond. Additionally we continue to build a pipeline of new sites, whether greenfield or through acquisition that will ensure we meet our aspirations. Strategic priority: Build deep customer relationships The launch of our customer rewards programme Smartshopper gives us a  significant opportunity to get to know our customers’ shopping habits and preferences substantially better than we do today. Since its launch in March 2011 the programme has been a great success. After just one year we now have over five million active cardholders, exceeding our initial target by two million. This enables us not only to know and understand each customer a great deal better, but to communicate with our customers in a different and more engaging manner. We have direct access to the vast majority of Smartshopper customers by either sms or email, which means that we can send targeted marketing communications directly to them. We can also ask for feedback directly from them. All of this translates into a very valuable two-way dialogue with our customers. As a result we are designing and executing marketing campaigns which are more relevant to our customers. We are extracting insights from their shopping habits data in order to tailor our product ranges and more accurately serve them. All of this will assist us in growing our sales volumes significantly. Strategic priority: Revolutionise Pick n Pay’s product offer During the past 12 months we have invested considerable time and resources in building a single specialised category buying division. Prior to the establishment of this division, Pick n Pay’s sourcing activities were distributed across the operating regions. This led to fragmentation of the Group’s buying scale, with each buyer having a wide range of products to source. Our new specialised category buying division is made up of category teams each of which is responsible for the end-to-end profitability of a specific product category. They are tasked with developing a product range that meets all customer needs, sourcing those products at the lowest possible cost, constructing shelf layouts that help customers find what they are looking for easily, building a promotional plan that generates customer excitement, increased volumes and higher margins, and ensuring that Pick n Pay’s prices remain hig hly competitive. Included in their responsibilities is the task of improving our Pick n Pay branded offer.

Understanding Relationship

The need for relationships is fundamental in our life because humans are social beings. Humans like to socialize because we seek for attention. Furthermore, approval is a psychological need, and by socializing we fulfill that need. Relational needs help us to interpret and understand what people really want to get out of relating to each other. It is just like when the least expected person comes by and sit down to lend us his/her ear, we would feel loved. Although relational needs are not the basic needs for survival – like food, air or shelter, they are the key essential elements of our human relationships which make life worth living. It is shown that it can contribute widely to a good quality of life. Many a times, our happiness or despair is affected by the quality of our relationships. The best satisfaction in life comes from good relationships with people whom we love. Not only do we become more confident and relaxed, to love and be loved is the greatest feeling the world. And I’ve learnt that why love is so great? Firstly, love provides warmth to anyone who feels lonely. Secondly, love soothes an anxious and angry heart. Thirdly, love pulls us back from those stressful struggles. Lastly, love can be a huge motivation in our daily life. Nothing can come close to the love that a mother showers her children with. That is one important relationship which makes me who I am today. I can proudly say that most women are excellent mothers. They carry their young before they are born and continue to nurture them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Mothers also make sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their growing stage. It is the unconditional love that a mother feels that drives these feelings. Raising children comes with many frustrations, from the needy new born baby that requires regular care to the sullen teenager. A mother’s role is really commendable as they always put their children before anything else, including their comfort and happiness. My strong relationship with my mother made me come to a realization that to experience intimacy in relationships, it is important to build trust, openness and self-awareness when relating. Under the care of my mother for almost 18 years, I have learnt to be a person of good values and I will not stop improving myself! Some of the more qualities which I am more influenced are like – generous, trustworthy, humble, lovable and easy going. I have learnt that self-awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions. It allows me to understand other people, how they perceive me, my attitude and my responses to them in the moment. Having to develop self-awareness, I am able to change the interpretations in my mind and thus allowing me to change my emotions. This is important because I feel that it is self-awareness that can allow me to be aware of where my thoughts and emotions are actually taking me. Relationships are easy until there is emotional turmoil. This is similar whether one is at work or in his/her personal life. I feel that when one can master to change the interpretation in his/her own mind of emotions will effect on the emotional quality of the relationship. When one can change the emotions in his/her relationship, then new possibilities are opened up entirely in his/her life. From lesson 1, I have learnt that self-awareness is developed through practices in focusing your attention on the details of your personality and behavior. It isn’t learned from reading a book. It is just like when we read a book, we are focusing all of our attention on the conceptual ideas in the book. With our attention focused in a book, one is actually only practicing but not paying attention to his/her own behavior, emotions and personality. One of the few important points that I have learnt to instill self-awareness is to identify my strength and weaknesses and never be afraid to look into the mirror to ponder or reflect about the positive traits I have in myself. In other words, it is engaging in self-affirmation. I have learnt that with self-awareness, this will help the relationship with my loved ones to be a more quality driven one because once I have learnt to love and value myself, I am then able to cherish my partner more without having to care how others judge us. Lesson 1 is definitely an enjoyable and valuable lesson and it has taught me many useful life long skills to prepare myself in future relationships.

Arendt And Freedman: Political Freedom

Political freedom is an ideal for both Arendt and Friedman. As political theorists they offer not only definitions to understand what political freedom is for them, but what necessary preconditions must exist in order for their ideal to be vitalized. Arendt explains political freedom as the right to be a participator in government. She implies that this means more than voting for a representative or having the opportunity to run for office. Arendt advocates that political freedom requires equal participation on behalf of all citizens and the involvement in politics is the most important part of an individual’s life. Friedman states that political freedom is the absence of coercion with the necessary precondition of economic freedom. Arendt and Friedman have different understandings of what political freedom is, but within their differences are similarities. Understanding what Arendt does not view as political freedom is essential in understanding what is political freedom because it helps in establishing the necessary means involved in obtaining political freedom. † should be no reason for us to mistake civil rights for political freedom, or to equate these preliminaries of civilized government with the very substance of a free republic. (Arendt P220) Arendt has established civil rights as something other than political freedom. Civil rights apply to liberation and not political freedom because civil rights do not necessarily assume the presence of freedom. Civil rights can be granted to a population under the rule of a tyrant in the form of a law, but when the population is not part of the formation of such a law then political freedom does not exist. According to Arendt, the presence of poverty does not permit the presence of political freedom. If individuals are forced to focus their efforts to fulfill biological needs such as food and shelter then they cannot possibly be political. Capitalism also prevents the existence of Arendt’s political freedom because capitalism is based on consumption. When the members of society are focused on obtaining goods and material possessions they become just as preoccupied as those in poverty. So capitalism creates greed and creates unnecessary needs and desires that inhibit political freedom. Political freedom requires an absence of as many social conditions as it does a presence of other conditions. Political freedom, as discussed in â€Å"The Revolutionary Tradition and Its Lost Treasure,† obliges the presence of a population who thinks in terms of â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I. † When everyone in a society acts for a better community and thinks in terms of the community, they will be able to exist politically free. When the focus of the individual shifts from the private interests created under capitalism to a public interest necessary for political freedom, more will be done to benefit society as a whole as opposed to individuals in a private realm. Learning to escape the private realm and understand that of the public means to understand the possibility of a greater good found in working together rather than many separate smaller goods held by only certain individuals. When there are individuals with separate smaller goods there has to be individuals with their own separate failure and lack of essential good. Milton Friedman does not offer the same definition for political freedom, thus his means for obtaining political freedom are also separate from Arendt’s. Friedman presumes that economic freedom must exist in order for political freedom to exist, and the means to true economic freedom is through the capitalist free market. Friedman writes, â€Å"History suggests only that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom. † (P10) The free market should take care of it self, be free from forced government intervention, and thus establish an environment in which coercion does not rule. Friedman believes that it is the power instilled in Washington D. C. that is responsible for the current coercion through their economic power. The economic power of the government is derived through the process of taxation, a process of coercing the citizens of the state to fund an organization against their will to do the jobs that capitalism, when left to its own devices, will achieve. Friedman suggests that government should focus on military effort, and not issues unrelated. He says: This danger we cannot avoid. But we needlessly intensify it by continuing the widespread governmental intervention in areas unrelated to the military defense of the nation and by undertaking new governmental programs – from medical care for the aged to lunar exploration. Friedman P202) So Friedman believes that government intervention leads to the collapse of political freedom. He goes on to discuss his fear of intervention. I believe that we shall be able to preserve and extend freedom despite the size of the military programs and despite the economic powers already concentrated inWashington. But we shall be able to do so only if we awake to the threat that we face, only if we persuade our fellow men that free institutions offer a surer, if perhaps at times slower, route to the ends they seek than the coercive power of the state. Friedman P202) Political Freedom for Friedman is then merely the absence of government coercion and the presence of an economically free population that, through the free market, can actually take care and supervise themselves. Friedman is relying on the same factors to create political freedom that Arendt sees as inhibiting freedom. That is, he sees a capitalist free market as the necessary means to actually bring people voluntarily together, not coercively. Friedman says:Exchange can therefore bring about co-ordination without coercion. A working model of a society organized through voluntary exchange is a free private enterprise exchange economy – what we have been calling competitive capitalism. (Friedman P13)So Friedman is actually advocating that capitalism is not as competitive as it appears, and that it actually requires citizens to work together and thus benefit each other through their actions. This is similar to what Arendt signifies as thinking in terms of â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I,† yet it is the exact ingredient that Arendt classifies as creating the â€Å"I. † It is peculiar that such contrasting opinions and explanation actually lead to the same ideal. Friedman and Arendt offer opposing means of obtaining political freedom, but there are similarities in what their means accomplish before the existence of political freedom. Both want a society in which individuals do something for each other, they work together for a greater good. The difference is that Arendt wants the cooperation to be based on politics while Friedman wants the cooperation based on free enterprise. Friedman wants less government involvement because he understands such involvement to be the basis of coercion. Friedman would rather have individuals voluntarily come together than be forced to come together. He sees political freedom as being free from the control of the state, free to evolve independent of government influence, and free to decide how to evolve. Friedman wants the government to have limited power because free enterprise will thrive in the absence of government intervention. Economic freedom will be created in the free enterprise and political freedom is the result. Another similarity between Arendt’s and Friedman’s differing views is the requirement of economic freedom. Although it is quite a major aspect for Friedman, Arendt does not focus directly on the topic. Arendt is just as much a supporter of economic freedom because she acknowledges that a state dealing with poverty and the fulfillment of basic needs cannot deal with political freedom. Economic freedom is the absence of such struggles and the presence of a means to be politically free. The similarity through presence of economic freedom is divided by the role of government. For Friedman political freedom is the absence of coercion, namely governmental coercion, not the presence of a highly involved government that Arendt advocates. Arendt’s political freedom is not the absence of government, merely the absence of representative government. She sees the concern of private life being too dominate under a representative system because, † the voter acts out of concern with his private life and well-being, and the residue of power he still holds in his hands resembles rather the reckless coercion with which a blackmailer forces his victim into obedience than the power that arises out of joint action and joint deliberation. (Arendt P 273) She is saying that representation leads to the problem of coercion, and it is coercion that Friedman sees necessary is not existing in the existence of political freedom. Without a direct democracy at the basis of a highly involved government political freedom is impossible because there is too much corrupt behavior and focus on private interests when the majority elects a minority to make the decisions for the state. Arendt envisions a society in which all of its members equally partake in the decision making of the government and they all work for the good of each other, not for a private good. Arendt establishes the aspects of life that have been private in the past as needing to be public in an effort to prevent corruption and maintain political freedom. Friedman does not advocate the same direct democracy that Arendt envisions. Instead, he expects the free market to essentially rule itself and take on the duties of Arendt’s government in the form of free enterprise. He sees the government as the cause of the coercion and presumes that the power should be taken out of the government. So this is an opposite response to Arendt’s view that the government should become larger, so large that all citizens are involved and have an equal say, thus preventing the possibility of coercion. Both Arendt and Friedman see coercion as preventing political freedom and both offer different means of ridding society of coercion. Political freedom is not an easily definable term. It is much like love, god, and friendship in that it has different meanings for different people at different times. Political freedom is about both the means of obtaining the ideal as well as the ideal itself. Friedman and Arendt present what they presume to be the means and the ends of political freedom, but neither is completely right or entirely wrong. It does not seem possible to create a set definition as to what political freedom is, much less what the appropriate means of obtaining political freedom are. It seems more important to try to distinguish certain common traits of what political freedom is rather than attempt to create a set definition. The common traits shared by Arendt and Friedman are that economic freedom and absence of coercion are necessary for political freedom. Political freedom, for both theorists, requires the action of a public community and not private individuals. They do not agree about the role of government, nor do they agree on the form government should take. Although it is important to distinguish what are and are not characteristics of political freedom, it is more important to understand that political freedom cannot be defined. Political freedom can be speculated about, but will not be truly comprehended until it is actualized. Only when political freedom exists will it be understood.

The Indian History Essay Paper

OB Notes Paper Pattern: 100 Marks: Q1. Compulsory. Based on â€Å"Ek ruka hua faisla† (Answer any 4 out of 7 options). Example question: Personality & Leadership Traits of Character No. 7 in the movie†¦ Q2 – Q7. Answer any 4 (20 marks each) Q2. would be Short Notes Q3. – Q7. – Each question would be of two parts (A&B). Part A – Theory & Part B – Caselets in DPA format Tip: Please answer in Bullet points only. Topics: 1. Basic of Behaviour 2. Organisation – context of opp and Interdependence 3. Personality 4. Beliefs & Paradigms 5. Groups & Teams – Composition, Advantages, Disadvantages, formal, informal, How best teams come into existence. . Core Values & Adaptive Values 7. Five levels of change 8. Adaptation & Leadership Theory 9. Learning 10. Conflict 11. Basic of Motivation – stress management & Time management, Traits from 6 Personality Traits for Transformational & Transactional, Motivation & Morale Theories: 1. Blate & Motoun Managerail Grid. 2. Ringlemen Effect 3. Bruce & Tactman Model of Team formation 4. Malow’s Pyramid 5. The Medici Effect – franz Johamsson 6. The fifith Discipline – Peter Senge 7. Classic Conditional Theory of Learning 8. Stimulus Response Learning 9. REBT – Rational Emotive Behaviour Theory 10. The Ice berg model 1. The Big 5 model 12. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor 13. Thomas Profiling 14. FIROB 15. MBTI 16. Johari Windows 17. Transactional Analysis 18. DISC # Genesis of OB: -Psycology -Sociology -Social Psycology -Anthropology -Political Science †¢Behaviour is an Action †¢Communication leads to behaviour †¢We communicate at all times †¢Types of Communication -Verbal -Non-Verbal -Written # Unsound Behaviour & Sound Behaviour # Sound Behaviour is Type B Behaviour -Communication is Basic -You communicate all the time -â€Å"B† is a form of communication, it is external. -Value at bottom â€Å"B† is adapted value Core values are common to all of us # Value: (Ringleman Effect) – Core Values & Adapted Values: Sound Behaviour is outcome of sound values – Value is a 3 leg Tool: Comfort Zone, Meaningfullness, Identity #Structural Conflicts of Values: Value Level Person APerson B HighHonesty Money ————– ————– – ————- LowMoneyHonesty -Nature of Human is â€Å"Dynamic†, not static -Self Deception # How to resolve conflict in such situation? Approach – Diagnosis, Prescription & Action 1. Individual Discussion (with person A & person B separately) 2. Value check of each individual 3. Identify individual goals . Common Goal (Creation of super ordinate goals so that values of both the person are not diluted) Topic 2: Team & Group #Team: -Team is like entity -It does not form by itself. It is created outside -Taken as human being, it has its own value -Team i s considered as organic body & has emotion & cohesiveness -Team has to be flexible to achieve the super-ordinate goals (common goal/combined goal of different persons) -Team is only when it is comprised of experts -Every member of team has to be an expert in a particular field -Success or failure of the team is because of the leader †¢Stages in Formal to Informal: 1.Forming: Introduction, bringing team together, bringing about unification 2. Storming: Conflict management & leadership, ego clashing, most important parts are resolved, it is always never ending. 3. Norming: Settle down. 4. Performing †¢Steps a Leader has to take: 1. Cohesiveness 2. Team building (strengthening the team together towards an activity) 3. Differences have to be brought down to convergence of difference 4. develop dependence between team members to have convergence of difference # Group: -It is collection of resources (money, men, material, machine) – denominated by man power -Can be formed externally or internallyFormal GroupsInformal Groups 1. Goal forms outside1. Stated bonding 2. It is governed by certain rules2. Discipline is lacking 3. Restricted3. Impenetrable 4. Goal oriented4. They make or break the organisation 5. Communication & bonding not very strong5. Communication and bonding is very strong 6. Conditional behaviour towards goal achievement 7. Values may or may not exist6. Values do exist 8. Motivation driven by goal # Merits of Formal Groups: -Structured -Rule oriented -Disciplined -Goal oriented -Goal focused -KRAs, Duties are very clear -Stakes are very high, hence behaviour based on stakes # Demerits of Formal Groups: Restricted Behaviour -No transparency, not genuine -No natural bonding -No values & conflicts are always hidden # Informal Groups: -Within every formal structures group, we always have informal groups -In an organization each one is at a level & has got: i. Power ii. Authority iii. Accountability iv. Responsibilities -Energy of informal groups should be used towards productivity -They can make or break an organization -They would not allow or permit a member from another informal group with value or value system different from his group as the values and the comfort zones & identities are different. 2 Laws of Communication: 1. Law of Entertainment: When 2 bodies are in proximate they eventually entertain – get affected by each other. 2. Law of Synchronicity: When 2 bodies entertain over a period of time they eventually synchronize – characteristics of one tends to rub of into the other & viz (emotional exchange). â€Å"Reprimand in private and praise in public† # 4 Zones in Life: 1. Internal Zone: Where you operate from your home. It is suppose to have nurturing, advice, criticism, corrections. 2. Spiritual Zone: Individual Commitment with spirit 3. Work Zone: 4.Social: Outside the work place & home. All the people you meet outside the work & home. # Organisation Structure # HR Audit # Upward Spiral # Learning Curve # Attitude: -Congruent (Behaviour in line with thoughts) -Dissonant (difference in behaviour and thoughts) # Stagnation Stage # Learning: Knowledge + Actions (repeated actions) = Skills â€Å"A learning is a learning when certain body of knowledge is effectively transferred into actionable skills† -Skill development: Intensifying existing & enhancing new skills -Phase of Learning of an employee in an organization: 1st Phase: Technical Skills nd Phase: Behavorial Skills 3rd Phase: Conceptual Skills -Two types of Learning: a)Active: Self-driven desire to learn. When an individual experiences the need to change, the learning becomes active. b)Passive: Forced by situations & circumstances -It is upto the individual driven by his values & perceptions to choose to actively learn or reject the learning till it reaches its higher stake -When an individual a change about to happen in future & that to with meaningfulness, he/she is on critical path of learning - Awareness of change normally initiates active learning Learning is the courage of acquiring knowledge & putting into action -Learning has ethical & moral needs # Why do we learn? -Need to Change -Situations -High Stakes # Learning Block -Unawareness -Attitude (Is the knowledge really required by me?†¦. ) # Change # Types of Change: -Percieved & Non- Percieved -Fast Change & Slow Change †¢Those changes which are perceivable by our sensory experiences are perceivable changes, whereas those which do not fall under perceivable changes are termed as non-percievable changes. # 5 Levels of Change: 1. Cosmic Change (Changes in Galaxy) 2. Environmental (Global Warming) . Social Changes (Society) 4. Organic Changes (Body) 5. Cellular †¢The whole universe is in the process of eternal change. Change is required for evolution. †¢The purpose of change is to adapt & evolve †¢Adaption mean acceptance of change by addressing values & perception & thereby behaviour †¢Adj ustment is painful, adaption is powerful †¢Adaption occurs when an individual develops self awareness of change, continuously learns & develop lateral skill # 4 Stages of Learning: 1. Unaware of incompetency (Ignorance) 2. Aware of the incompetancy (Knowledge) – Stage where you stay or quit 3.Aware of competency (Skills) 4. Unaware of competency (Competance) †¢Competancy is a process centric and not content centric # Learning Theories: 1. Classical Conditional Theory of Learning/Stimulus Response Learning 2. Response Stimulus Learning 3. Cognitive Learning 4. Social Learning 1. Classical Conditional Theory of Learning/Stimulus Response Learning: Russian Psychologist Evan Paulov conducted an experiment: Dog-Meat & Bell Meat called as the unconditional stimulus, unconditional stimulus creates unconditional response along with the meat he rings the bell. The bell called as neutral stimulus. . Response Stimulus Learning: – Trial & Error Learning – ABC Lear ning: A-Antecedent, B-Behaviour, C-Consequence – For every behaviour ‘B’, there is an antecedent ‘A’ to consequence ‘C’ any trial & error is accidental. 3. Cognitive Learning: – Meaningful mental map, which we create of a reality, which varies from person to person – Recognise repeated cognize 4. Social Learning: – Learning from society (e. g. peers, friends) – This is the highest form of learning followed by cognitive learning and then Stimulus response and there on †¢Dominant vs. Back-up style of learning †¢Trusteeship & ownership Leadership †¢Learning Style -Ignorance -Knowledge -Skills -Competency # Emotional Intelligence: -Empathetic Listening -Focus to the issue and not on person -Empowerment -Who is learning & what type -EI is experiential learning # Leadership: -Leadership is a â€Å"Style† -A good leader has a good ET – Emotional Intelligence # Steps to be a Good Leader: 1 . To be an empathetic listener 2. Tries to focus on the issues & solution path & not on the person 3. He empowers the followers 4. Brings in confidence building 5. To understand the learnig curve of the follower 6. He recognizes his own skills as well as others . He develops trusteeship (detachment) and not ownership (attachment) 8. He is known by his absence and not by his presence 9. He is a risk taker as he has a focus on locus of control 10. Leader is not a position, it is a process # Types of Leadership: 1. Autocratic 2. Democratic 3. Laissez Faire 4. Situational Leadership â€Å"Personality + People + Effectiveness = Leadership† â€Å"Situational Leaders has two styles – Dominant (own skill) & Back-up (learned skill)† -During critical situations, dominant style comes in place #Categories of Leadership: 1. Trasactional Leadership: Creates followers 2.Transformational Leadership: -24Ãâ€"7 approach, creates leaders, creates vision -Communicate it very clearl y to everybody -They act on the vision himself first. This develops inspiration among others and creates followers -People on their own join the leader -He creates future leaders -To develop EQ : – He has to take risk (emotional) which comes only through experience – He needs to be aggressive, go getter, pushes others & himself in achieveing goals †¢Emotional Intelligence is the separator between Manager & Leader # 6 Personality Traits: 1. Locus of Control: strong internals, control over situations 2.Machawallism: -High Mach (highly manipulative) -Low Mach (Less Mach) 3. Type ‘A’ & Type ‘B’: -A = Aggressive, go getter -B = Laid Back 4. Self Motivating: pause —? Listen –? Reflect –? Respond. -It starts with self-awareness of one’s thoughts, words & action. It converts a reaction to a response. A good leader will have a moderate level of self-monitoring 5. Risk Taking 6. Self-Esteem # Blate & Motoum Managerial Gr id (Training model) (1, 1) – Impoverished leader – least concern for result & people (9, 1) – High concern for results & least for people – Autocratic (1, 9) – Termed as ‘Country Club Manager’.High concern for people but less for result (9, 9) – Ideal, Proactive Manager – The leader. Equal concern for both. It’s not a destination but a journey which a leader constantly tries to achieve. He is a situational leader. He uses the people’s competencies toward’s achieving goals. He is always ‘Ethical’. Requires tremendous self-discipline. Role Personality is a connectivity between the Role & the Goal. They have personal sense of humility (5, 5) – ‘Middle of the Road Manager’. It is a process. Tries to rise from the strategic level to visionary level. # Personality: 1.Definition 2. Traits 3. MBTI/Thomas Profiling 4. 16 PF/FIROB/DISC 1. Definition: â€Å"It is a sum total of inner & outer attributes†, where – Inner Factors: Values, attitudes, perception, belief, paradigms Outer Factors: Physical disposition, mannerism, habits, behaviour. All the factors put together comprises of personality -Role Clarity is subjective whereas Goal Clarity is objective -Inner factor drives the outer factor -When meaningfulness of the goal is aligned with values, perception of role, the individual develops the role personality in line with the goal. In most cases he is effective in achieving goal. For e. g. : Student has a goal of learning a subject: i. He must have a clarity what he is learning ii. Learning, as we know is absorption of knowledge into doable action called skills. iii. This is of the purpose of acquiring knowledge is to transform an adopted behaviour then the learning is effective iv. The individual needs to focus this aspect of learning & align these aspects with consistently, he tends to play the Role Personality effectively v. Although all goals are measurable, the measurable may not indicate his learning (at times he may get higher %age, at times lower) vi.All in all his focus should be to absorb knowledge & change his behaviour. So long as this focus is maintained, we can see him maintain Role Personality quite effectively. This is seen through his behaviour of active participation in all situation to acquire and assimilate indulging & convert them into skill & behaviour changes †¢Scenario: A, B, C, D are team members in a certain vertical. – ‘A’ is hardworking but, stickler to time – he works strictly 9. 00am – 5. 00pm. His output is remarkable – ‘B’ – Intelligent, genius, erratic, maverick – available only when a crisis occurs.Arrogant & individualistic – ‘C’ – Quiet, laid-back, seemingly unintelligent, very obedient, slow worker, everyone likes him – ‘D’ – Into mood swings, creates goals, disappear for days & returns & works for long hours to complete his tasks, rarely talks, very helpful though, does not like to be asked questions The above 4 team members are assigned a project for SMG (self-managed groups) The time frame is 1 month. All 4 team members need to be optimally used. Design a goal & perform a DPA by mapping characteristics, personality Create roles & goals to attain effectiveness Strengths & weakness of each team member:Team Member ‘A’: S: Time management, hardworking, goal oriented, focused, commitment, disciplined, organized W: Rigid Team Member ‘B’: S: Crisis management, confident, go-getter attitude, individualistic W: Arrogant, selfish, individualistic (low people skills) Team Member ‘C’: S: Strong values, obedient, strong interpersonal skills, approachable, quiet, laid-back, good follower W: laid-back, slow coach, quiet Team Member ‘D’: S: Goal setter, Innovator, compassionate, helpful W: Disappe aring act, moody, does not like to be asked questions # Need Drive theory of Motivation: -All needs are basic requirements for organization When a need arises, it indicates a deficit -This deficit leads to a disturbance in comfort zone -There arises instantly within the organism, a type of drive that propels the organism to fulfill this deficit, thereby restoring comfort zone -When this fulfillment is complete, the organism is set to achieve total satisfaction -This drive is called motivation -This drive is automatic, instant, since it has its origins on survival of species, inshort it is instinct driven -Hence motivation is a term given to instinct driven that almost instantaneously develops the need deficit into need fulfillment -This is the animal side of the humanIn day-to-day scenarios, we need to identify the diference between needs & wants. Needs are basic, wants are desired NEED(instinct) + DESIRE = Want (Rational) Need when fulfilled gives 100% satisfaction (does not leave any memory). A need is always an instant gratification # Frustration Model: It is derived from need-drive theory of motivation. If a need deficit arises in an individual, it creates a drive almost instantly to fulfill this need. While in process of fulfilling the need, if there arises an obstruction or barrier, the organism will anyway be fulfilling it through alternate means.This altered behaviour is always unsound behaviour This behaviour is a repetitive behaviour. â€Å"Without action there is no motivation† # Fundamental Theories of Motivation: 1. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation 2. Goal Path Theory of Motivation The individual’s motivation is a result of 2 influences – Internal & external # What motivates you? -Content theories of Motivation: i. Maslow’s Theory of needs ii. Fedrick Hersberg’s – Two factor theory of needs iii. ERG Theory of Needs – albert iv. David Mc Cleeland’s Theory of Needs # Why and how are people mo tivated? – Process Theories of Motivation i. Stacey Adam’s Equity Theory i. Victor Vroom’s Theory of Expectancy iii. Poter Roller’s Theory of Intrinsic rewards 1. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation: It has 2 parts: a. Positive Reinforcement b. Negative Reinforcement Encouraging behaviour that are desired by an organization constitutes the frameqork of +ve reinforcement. The employees are encouraged to regret & certain behaviour that are desirable for the end customer of goal This is usually done by rewards, hence also termed as motivation by Rewards On the other hand there are certain behaviours which are not in line with organizational needs. These behaviours need to be discouraged.Instead of allowing these behaviours to repeat, organization resort to collapsing these behaviours. This is brought about through the process of punishment termed as motivation by punishment or –ve reinforcement. Historically such reinforcement is resorted to at the fun ctional level of organization, where rewards & punishment form the value criteria of employees’s behaviour As 1st time learners, all of us resort to stimulus response learning, our behaviour are also stimulus response based. Hence, it is natural for us to respond to the reinforcement method of motivation 2. Goal – Path theory of motivation: