History Of Oslo Essay

groovy of Norway is Norways capital urban center. capital of Norway came from the Old Norse word os meaning mountain and lo meaning naked or river . In some other words, capital of Norway raise be described as a drift beneath the mountains (capital of Norway 2006). People of German origin whitethorn have determinetled in the settlements along the capital of Norway Fjord who moved up to the north from mainland Europe (Zelko 63). The first patent settlement in capital of Norway was in the 8th century. (capital of Norway 2006). The first plurality of who inhabited capital of Norway lived in lowly wooden ho engagements with turf roofs that was surrounded with pens or sheds for goats, sheep and cows (capital of Norway City 2006). similar all(prenominal) the other settlers of Norway, the people were classify together in the form of a tribe and those who were landowners met with his other landed neighbors in a public assembly called Thing. legislative assemblies were called Lagt ings (Zelko 63). During the Vi male monarch age, AD800-1000 capital of Norway settlers grew rapidly as it had compel the bear on for trade and shipbuilding activities and subsequent it earned the name the Viking Capital (capital of Norway 2006). Viking means a man from Vik, a huge bay in the midst of the drape Lindesnes in Norway and the m revealh of Gota River in Sweden (Britannica 1033). Norse Vikings, like other Vikings of Denmark and Sweden, were feared all all over Europe as they had superior ships and weapons as tumefy developed military administration. They were basically endowed with extraordinary aridness for adventure (Britannica 1034). Norse Vikings were known to be ruthless and brave fighters who killed their victims and greedily loots their conquered settlements and when they were do pl chthonianing destroyed the place with fire. They changed the casing of Europe as they employed in raiding and trade and then at long stick up attracted by their conquered lands settled to live thither.Their localize places were broadly western sandwich European countries such(prenominal) as England, Scotland, and Iceland. Their active participation in trading had re for struggled-lookinged the neglected European commerce of the middle Ages. Their contact with west contendd Europe was instrumental for their Christianization and effectually nuclear fusion of Norway (Britannica 1033). In 885 the first Viking Monarch, Har aged(prenominal) the F post-haired fall in Norway (Halsey 239). During his overtop the settlers of Norway, including capital of Norway, were jointly engaged in blood feuds, fightings that involve almost, if non all, disagreeing families. rase minor disputes can trigger the violent death and maiming of both members of the quarreling families and if not settled can start an endless round of retaliation. The personnel can be finally stop when offending families pay the wronged families which they called bot. Some bits family f euds were brought to the financial aid of the Lagtings who will decide the outcome of the disputes and see penalties. The worst penalty they can repay at that time was known as outlawrya sentence that regarded the wrongdoer as if he died already. All his goods were taken away from him and he cannot exercise or claim any legal rights.In fact, anyone can kill him without facing the peril of penalty. These condemned people were leftfield with no pick precisely to leave their firmland or live in the fo nap as an outlaw (Tseng 24). In 1050 Harald Hardrade or ability Harald III formally founded Oslo and do it the center of southern Norway. This come in was turn up at the eastern side of the view as on the left assert of the littler Akers River (Halsey 239). Harald died in 1066 and his death ended the Viking full point as raidings stopped (Norway 2007). Oslo experienced a great era during the reign of Haakon V who was crowned in 1299.He refractory to build the Akershus f ortress in Olso to serve as his home with his married woman Euphemia of Rugens, a northwardsern German princess (Oslo 2006). He do Oslo the capital of Norway replacing Bergen. This time Oslo and the rest of Norway enjoyed relative peace (Norway 2007). In 1318 Norway was linked with the kingdom of Sweden when Duke Erik of Sweden married Princess Ingebjorg, daughter of queen regnant Euphemia and Hakon V Magnusson. The unification of both countries was officially signed in the Bishops citadel now presently know as Oslo Ladergard (Oslo City 2006).The saddest event that occurred in the early history of Oslo was the Black Death that terrorized the world in 1349. It was estimated that half of Oslos creation died during the time of the Black Death or bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was carried by fleas in rats from England (Oslo 2006). Because of the loss of its inhabitants and ravish to agriculture Norway united together with Denmark and Sweden via the aggregate of Kalmar 1397(Norwa y 2007). During this time Copenhagen, instead of Oslo, was selected as the actual capital of Norway.Consequently Oslo dis arranged it political importance and was just now regarded as a provincial administrative center while the kings lived in Copenhagen and Stockholm from 1400-1500 (Oslo City 2006). In 1523, however, Sweden dropped out of the union, and weaker Norway was left in the care of danish Kings(Norway 2007). interpreter 2 Modern Era renewal Period Like the rest of mainland Europe, Oslo was greatly affect by the Lutheran Protestant Reformation of 1537 when the German monk Martin Luther questioned the laws of Roman Catholic Church and want to reform the religious beliefs of the Europeans.Oslo citizens were engaged in religious conflicts(Thodock 2003). The catholic bishop of Oslo, Hans rpm was converted to Protestantism despite the reluctance of the citizens( OsloCity 2006). Since Oslo had slightly wooly-minded its political and frugal importance as a city at th is time as it was being ruled by Denmark most of the buildings constructed there was only made of wood so that the city was easy destroyed by fire in 1624. King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway decided to move the town to the right bank of the Akers River and remodel it near the Akershus Fortress.The city buildings were constructed in a Renaissance city look with rectangular blocks and renamed it capital of Norway (Halsey). Scientific renewing The scientific revolution changed the worlds beliefs entirely, and Norway is in the heart of it Religious beliefs were turn out to be wrong and questions were answered. Copernicus first with his impression on the heliocentric theory, Galileo second with inference of Copernicus theory, and Newton third with the laws of gravity to rationalize how and why the planets revolved around the sun. understandingDuring the 1700s the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment flourished in Europe specially to the Norse trading partners of Great Brita in and Holland. In these places people were trying to improve their lives with the use of reason instead of following tralatitious religious or accepted beliefs. cope with with the enlightened British and Dutch affected the daily life of the inhabitants of capital of Norway. Norwegian traders brought home with them not only the prized cargoes of tobacco, coffee, tea and spices but also enlightened ideas.They constructed luxurious houses with august gardens in accordance with the style western Europe (Oslo City 2006). Napoleonic wars At first, Denmark and Norway attempted to remain apathetic in the Napoleonic wars amid France and England and their several(prenominal) allies in 1805. However, England attacked the entire Danish fleet in 1807 as a result Denmark joined with France against Britain (Britannica 1034). Britain cut-off trading with Norway and set up a continental close off against Denmark and Norway wherein British navy prevented the goods from both Norway and Denmar k in r for each oneing its trading partners .This action greatly affected the economy of Norway. The export of lean and timber from capital of Norway as well as the import of grain from Denmark were blocked. As a result, citizens of Christiania face up an economic crisis and suffered hunger. To end their trouble, Britain loosened up its choke up against Norway in 1810-13(Oslo 1991). In 1814 the king of Denmark was forced to give up Norway to Sweden in a pact of Kiel when Napoleon I was defeated (Oslo 2006). Eager to rebuild their government the Norwegian created its first genius on May 17 the equivalent year and Christiania became the capital city.In time, Christiania replaced its rival Bergen as Norways largest city. The people celebrated with joy as Christiania was expected to reclaim its old glory without giving ofttimes view at first that they were still under the stamp down of a foreigner, Sweden. As a capital city, Christiania once again puzzles important politically and economically. For its newly acquired role, new monumental buildings were erected as a venue for important functions. . They were the Royal Palace, Bank of Norway and the commonplace exchange Oslo Bors.Later, most Christiania citizens joined with the rest of Norway in demanding for a complete control of their own affairs. They did not want to recognize the provisions of the treaty of Kiel and instead preferred a Danish King to rule them. Because of the political upheaval , Sweden was forced to make the Act of kernel of 1815,that gave Norway the privilege of having its own army, navy and parliament(Storting) and was permitted to control their own immanent affairs in exchange for their strict compliance to the Treaty of Kiel(Oslo 2006).Renaissance Period Because of their internal liberty, Christiania economic and political bureau rose. By mid 1800s, Christiania grew into a major administrative, economic and military center. The economic success brought about(predicate) by the transit and agricultural industry made Christiania a dominant economic city of Norway ( cosmea Book 1981). The settle of rapid industrial revolution in Oslo started at the Aker River around 1840. The development of Industries relied in the electrical energy provided by this River.Old buildings along the River were destruct and replaced with concrete large textile industrial buildings . Because of the increased jobs offered by industries the population of Christiania increased as peasants and rural humanity moved to the cities hoping find work. In the extraction of the industrial Revolution Christianias industrial workers, like most of European industrial cities, lived in poverty since income was low. They mostly lived in crowded houses meant for workers in which sanitation was bad.As a result, sickness was common and spread easily. To augment family income, the children aged to a lower place ten were forced to work in the industries, an environment that was not conducive for their well-adjusted growth. In fact, industries were noisy and dusty. They caused water and air pollution. Because of this, the health of the children suffered and their resistance to sickness fall as they lacked the time to forge and sleep. In fact, schoolwork was unavoidably neglected ( gain 2007). Revolutions of 1848The political revolutions in Europe in 1848 had increased the appetency of Norway to demand for independence from Sweden. In the late 1800s usual Norwegian playwrights Henrik Ibsen and Bjornstjerne Bjorjornson staged a play in Christianias landing field with a theme about political hypocrisy, rights of women and social problems. These plays helped Norwegians develop a ace of nationalism. In 1901 the city of Christiania was selected by the notable Swedish inventor, Alfred Nobel to be the site for the awarding of the most prestigious appalling Peace Prize (Lundestad 2001).By 1905 Sweden minded(p) independence to Norway and Christiania at last was freed from foreign interference that began 1300s (Halsey 240). Industrial Revolution demesne contend iodine was inevitable due to industrialization and the desire each country had to become supreme. Firstly, relationships amidst the nations of the world were dramatically altered by the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. Tensions between the industrial powers began to rise. The intensity between the industrial powers grew more and more as each country sought to dramatize its battleground of influence at the expense of others.Secondly, there was a growing desire by ethnic populations within the larger countries to become independent nations. Norway separated from Sweden and revolts occurred in colonies such as China, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Ireland. War broke out in the Balkans in 1912 and again in 1913, as Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece fought first the Ottoman pudding stone and then Austria-Hungary. Lastly, Colonies around the world were a valuable asset for suppo rting the soldiers countrys economy. The great European powers needed raw materials and outlets for their goods.They wanted to expand into new colonies while still defend the ones they already had. World War I The economy of Christiania steadily grew until in the beginning World War I. When the First World War broke out in 1914 Norway declared its neutrality. However, Christiania benefited economically from the war by carrying British cargoes inspite the loss of Norwegian lives and ships that were caught in the war (Compton 610). afterward the war Christiania settled back to its radiation diagram life. In 1924, Christiania was renamed back to Oslo (Oslo City 2006). World War II.On April 9, 1940 Oslo was defeated by the Germans almost with only a slight resistance due the betrayal of Norwegian Officer and Fascist politician Vidkun collaborationist who collaborated with the Nazis. As a result, the city was only slightly damaged during the war (Halsey 239). In 1942 Germany install ed a puppet government in Norway under National Union loss leader Vidkun Quisling. However, the Norwegians resisted the Germans and its puppet regime. Oslo became a place of opposition strikes. Other citizens were secretly snarly in the large-scale industrial overturn and espionage on behalf of the confederate powers.(Oslo 2006). During their telephone line of the city the Nazis used Akershus as a prison and place of execution for those convicted of allied conspiracy and today its the site of Norways Resistance Museum, which provided a diminutive account of German takeover and the Norwegian struggle against it (Thodock 2003). The German forces that overrun Norway surrendered in May 8, 1945 enabling the exiled King Hakon seven-spot to return to Norway from London in June. Oslo then began to rebuild its ruin buildings while at the same time prosecuted about 90,000 alleged cases of treason and defection.Convicted traitors faced execution foremost of which was Vidkun Quisling (Os lo 2006). War had been going on for a very long time when it came to The crisp War, the postwar to World War II. After World War II, as the glacial War began two major alliances were created. Although, in World War I a systems of alliances did not work, the systems of alliances that formed after World War II were bigger and they werent buddy-buddy alliances. These two alliances were formed to direct peace throughout the world, to end The ratty War, and to prevent anymore future gamy scale wars.Toward the end of the war, hostility between Norwegians and the German occupying forces grew considerably stronger. A autochthonic cause was the German withdrawal from all fronts. Retreating German units from the fronts in the north, the USSR and Finland, withdrew to Norwegian territory. In the autumn of 1944, the Red Army followed the Germans into Finnmark, where it emancipate Kirkenes and the northeastern areas. As the occupying troops retreated, they ordered an evacuation of the enti re Norwegian population in Finnmark and in Troms south to Lyngen.In Lyngen, three German army corps dug in. Then the entire country north of Lyngen was burned and destroyed. The destruction include 10,400 homes, bridges, power stations, factories, fishing vessels, telephone facilities and other types of infrastructure. The scorched earth area was much larger than all of Denmark. After the Soviet Red Army crossed into North Norway, a Norwegian military agency and a small number of Norwegian soldiers from Great Britain and Sweden followed. The Russians withdrew from Norway in September 1945, a few months after the German capitulation.